Objective(s): To study the prevalence of Stereotypic Movements (SM) in children. Methods: Using a multistage sampling method, we selected 300 children from 13 day care centers and primary schools in Urmia (Western Azerbaijan Province). Data collection involved parent interviews in the presence of the children. Results: Three hundreds children (167 boys and 133 girls) were included in the study. Nearly 50% (149 out of 300) had one type of SM. The prevalence of different type of stereotypic movements were as follows: bruxism 16%, head banging 13%, hair pulling 8%, nail biting 7% and thumb sucking 6%; each of the affected subjects had only one type of SM .There were not any significant relationships between sex and various SM varieties- except for head banging, which was more common in boys (P<0.001). There were no significant associations between parents’ education or occupation and the presence of any type of SM (P> 0.05).Conclusion: The prevalence of Stereotypic Movements is high in children. To confirm the findings more comprehensive studies are recommended.

ABSTRACT Background and Aim: Autistic disorder appears in early childhood in the form of degradation in the quality of social interaction and repetitive and stereotypic patterns of behavior, interests, and activities. Some researchers have stated that the stereotypic behavior in these children is due to, some sensory insufficiencies against sensory stimuli. The purpose of the present study was investigating the effect of using "O" shaped air cushions, as a sensory processing strategy, on stereotypic movements in 4 to 14 year old children with autism.Materials and Methods: The current study was performed using a single subject design (ABA) on four children in Khorshid Rehabilitation Centre for under fourteen year old children, during 5 consecutive weeks. The type and frequency of each stereotypic movements were examined by watching video tape before, during, and after using this cushion.Results: The findings showed that the use of this cushion, when the child was sitting on therapy cushion (during phase B), reduced stereotypic movements and increased cooperation with the teacher. After removing the cushion (during phase A), the stereotypic movements became almost similar to those before using this cushion (during phase A). Yet, in one child the result was precisely vice versa.Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, using therapy cushion can reduce the stereotypic movements in a child with autism. The stereotypic movements of the child were almost similar when they were compared between the time the child was sitting on this cushion and after removing it and sitting on typical chair. Yet, this finding needs further investigation by controling external factors influencing stereotypic movement.

Introduction: Stereotypy is one of the main features of children with autism. These behaviors are associated with deficit in learning processes, social skills acquisition, increased family stress, and selfinjuries behaviors. The purpose of the present study was aimed to investigate the effectiveness of two selected Karate-hand techniques on hand stereotypic movements in a boy with autism.Materials and Methods: The participant was a 10 years old boy with autism. He asked to take part in some exercise sessions. The exercise phase was preceded and followed by some baseline phases. In baseline phases, the participant did not receive any exercise. Change in the frequency of stereotypic hand movements was assessed by observations during 15 minute periods immediately before and after exercise while participant engaged in routine classroom activities. Observations also occurred in the same time periods on no-exercise days during all phases.Results: Results showed that training two karate hand techniques led to reduction of 44.12 percent in stereotypic hand movements in subject.Conclusion: The present study showed that training two karate hand techniques might reduce the stereotypic hand movements in a child with autism. Since the result has came out from a single case study, it could be suggested that more experimental studies can be carried out on autistic participants to investigate whether this technique effect on hand movements.

Encyclopedia of new religious movements edited by Peter B. Clarke provides a truly engaging and authentic view of the emerging religious movements on a background of the universe. This encyclopedia, containing 428 articles from leading academics, studies the remarkable examples of religious movements emerging in each continent. Clarke as an editor has written a higher income as "New Religions as a global phenomenon", a "Resource guide of NRM" and a useful article entitled "Typology of new religions" in this encyclopedia. This encyclopedia is a leading, research, updating, important, and valuable reference for academic libraries. However, the encyclopedia suffers from some disadvantages, among which we can refer to apparent contradictions in Index, the incidence of historical errors, print, etc., in its context and putting NRM identified with the Cults, sects, and counter-culture groups

2introduction: Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder that involves three areas social interaction, communication, and stereotyped behavior patterns such as hyperactivity, impulsive behavior, self-harm, and aggression. This research aimed to compare the effectiveness of applied behavior analysis (ABA) and nature-based play therapy (Fluortime) on the severity of Garz test symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder in 2011 in Qom. . Methods: The study included 45 autistic children and a quasi-experimental model of pre-test-post-test design and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population of the research included all children with autism in the city of Qom in Golhay Behesht Autism Center. The tool used had parts related to demographic information, Garez questionnaire 2 (severity of autism) and communication variables, stereotyped movements, and social interaction of children. Sampling was done by the available method and they were randomly divided into three test groups: applied analysis method, 15 people, 15 people in the flortime play therapy group, and 15 people in the control group. Floortime plays therapy intervention was provided to the experimental group in 23 sessions of 20 minutes in the designated sessions. The control group was not given any training. Repeated measurement analysis of variance, and post hoc Ben Feroni test for pairwise comparisons of the effect of groups and times on dependent variables were performed, and the software used in this research for data analysis was SPSS24 and AMOS24. Results: The difference in the effect of the two methods of applied behavior analysis and Floortime play therapy on the components and the total score of the severity of autism symptoms is not significant. Therefore, there is no significant difference between the effectiveness of applied behavior analysis and flortime play therapy on the severity of symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder. (0. 001) Conclusion: Functional behavior analysis and Floortime play therapy during the implementation period and two months after the implementation period led to a significant decrease in the average scores of Garez test components in the severity of symptoms and autism treatment used.

Background and objective: Over the last few decades, social movements have raised variety forms of collective behavior, which is in terms of objectives, nature and method of campaign totally different from classic movements. The new approach is concentrated on such a type of power which is described by Steven Lukes as “Third dimension of power”. The power has a different and new nature based on mentality processing and satisfaction. The type of vast cultural and social changes taken place in Iran, especially in megapolises. Meanwhile, expansion of communications has provided proper circumstances for formation of movements like this. The present research aims at identifying aspects of these movements and surveying the level of their tendency toward soft power. The basic question raised here is: “To what extent is the level of social movements approach oriented toward third power (soft power)?”Material: The research is of descriptive-survey type. A questionnaire based on Likert scale was used for collecting data from 72 commanders and managers who have had close relationship with social movements, in terms of its relevance with their professions. The samples were randomly selected in clusters.Findings: The research findings indicated that over the last few decades in Iran, social movements have had tendency toward third power (soft power). The movements have been oriented toward becoming cultural, value-based, satisfactory and avoiding violence. They have basically used some specific tools such as media, art, symbolism, etc. for displaying their objectives, and campaign. Therefore, their control and management should be fulfilled while taking into consideration these realities.

Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to determine whether kata training leads to reductions of stereotypic behaviors in Asperger syndrome.Method: In this single-subject study, three boys with Asperger syndrome were required to exercise Heian Shodan kata for 12 weeks. Changes in the severity of stereotypy was assessed at one-week intervals during the experimental phase and one month after termination of the intervention using multiple baseline method. The Gilliam Autism Rating Scale-Second Edition (GARE-SE) was used to measure stereotypic behaviors. Analysis of within and between subject effects was done using diagrams for stability envelope and data trending.Results: Training in Heian Shodan Karate decreased stereotypy in all three participants [Percentage of Non-overlapping Data (PND)=83.33% for first and second participants, PND=91.67% for the third participant] and this reduction was maintained one month after termination of the intervention.Conclusion: Long-term kata training resulted in reductions of stereotypic behaviors in three boys with Asperger Syndrome. However, research with larger sample sizes is required to examine the effectiveness of this intervention and improve confidence in the current findings.